Social media and disordered eating among middle-aged women: Not just an adolescent concern.

Evidence suggests social media use is strongly linked to disordered eating (e.g., binge eating and dietary restraint) among adolescent and young adult women, in part because it promotes engagement in social comparison (the tendency to evaluate one's own standing or ability by comparing it to another's). Yet no study has examined the impact of social media use and comparison on disordered eating among middle-aged women. Participants (N = 347), ages 40-63, completed an online survey about their social media use, social comparison, and disordered eating (bulimic symptoms, dietary restraint, and broad eating pathology). Results indicated that 89 % (n = 310) of middle-aged women used social media in the past year. Most participants (n = 260; 75 %) used Facebook, and at least a quarter used Instagram or Pinterest. Approximately 65 % (n = 225) used social media at least daily. Controlling for age and body mass index, social media-specific social comparison was positively associated with bulimic symptoms, dietary restriction, and broad eating pathology (all ps < 0.001). Multiple regression models evaluating frequency of social media use and social media-specific social comparison together revealed that social comparison explained a significant amount of unique variance in bulimic symptoms, dietary restriction, and broad eating pathology (all ps < 0.001) above and beyond frequency of social media use. Instagram explained a significant proportion of variance of dietary restraint compared to other social media platforms (p = .001). Findings suggest a large percentage of middle-aged women frequently engage with some type of social media. Further, social media-specific social comparison, rather than frequency of social media use, may be driving disordered eating in this age group of women.

Violência sexual contra mulheres: uma análise das notificações no Espírito Santo, Brasil / Violencia sexual contra las mujeres: un análisis de las notificaciones en Espírito Santo, Brasil / Sexual violence against women: an analysis of notifications in Espírito Santo, Brazil

Resumo Objetivo Estimar a frequência e os fatores associados à violência sexual contra mulheres no Espírito Santo. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado a partir de dados notificados entre 2011 e 2018 no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. A análise multivariada foi conduzida por meio da regressão de Poisson, com variância robusta. Resultados A frequência de violência sexual foi de 15,6%, sendo maior a ocorrência em crianças; pessoas sem deficiências e/ou transtornos; residentes em área urbana; com agressor único, desconhecido, do sexo masculino e sem suspeita de uso de álcool. A residência foi o local de maior ocorrência e o caráter de repetição esteve presente. Conclusão e implicações para a prática A violência sexual contra mulheres apresentou alta frequência no estado. Os resultados reforçam a associação desse agravo com características da vítima, do agressor e do evento, evidenciando a vulnerabilidade das crianças e o espaço doméstico como um cenário de grande frequência desse agravo.

Resumen Objetivo Estimar la frecuencia y los factores asociados con la violencia sexual contra la mujer en Espírito Santo. Métodos Estudio transversal realizado a partir de datos notificados entre 2011 y 2018 en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria. El análisis multivariado se realizó mediante regresión de Poisson, con varianza robusta. Resultados La frecuencia de violencia sexual fue del 15,6%. La prevalencia fue mayor en niñas; personas sin discapacidades y/o trastornos; residentes en áreas urbanas; con un único agresor, desconocido, del género masculino y sin sospecha de consumo de alcohol. La residencia fue el lugar de mayor ocurrencia y el carácter de repetición estuvo presente. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica La violencia sexual contra las mujeres fue altamente prevalente en el estado. Los resultados refuerzan la asociación de esa condición con las características de la víctima, del agresor y del evento, evidenciando la vulnerabilidad de las niñas y el espacio doméstico como escenario de alta frecuencia de esa condición.

Abstract Objective To estimate the frequency and factors associated with sexual violence against women in Espírito Santo. Methods Cross-sectional study based on data reported between 2011 and 2018 in the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Multivariate analysis was conducted using Poisson regression, with robust variance. Results The frequency of sexual violence was 15.6%, being the prevalence higher among children; people without disabilities and/or disorders; urban areas residents; with a sole, male, unknown aggressor and without suspicion of alcohol use. The residence was the place with the highest occurrence and the character of repetition was present. Conclusion and implications for practice Sexual violence against women was highly prevalent in the state. The results reinforce the association of this condition with the characteristics of the victim, the aggressor and the event, evidencing the vulnerability of children and the domestic space as a scenario of high frequency of this harm.

Differences in Cancer Mortality Rate Depending on Occupational Class among Japanese Women, 1995-2015.

BACKGROUND: Although it is known that cancer mortality rate varies depending on occupations in Japan, differences in female cancer mortality rate depending on occupational classes have not been analyzed using the Vital Statistics in Japan. In this study, we analyzed the Vital Statistics data in Japan from 1995 to 2015, and revealed differences in cancer mortality rate depending on occupational classes among Japanese women. METHODS: The Vital Statistics data by occupations from 1995 to 2015 were obtained from the "Report of Vital Statistics : Occupational and Industrial Aspects" in Japan, and data on mortality for cancer in all sites, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, gallbladder and extrahepatic bile duct cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, and uterine cancer were used. We classified main occupation categories into non-manual workers and manual workers, and calculated age-standardized mortality rate for each of the occupational class, year, age group, and type of cancer and its annual percent change. RESULTS: Age-standardized mortality rates for non-manual workers (222.0 per 100,000 persons in 1995 and 143.8 per 100,000 persons in 2015) were higher in cancer in all sites than those for manual workers (127.6 per 100,000 persons in 1995 and 103.7 per 100,000 persons in 2015) throughout the years. However, age-standardized mortality rates showed a significant decreasing trend between 1995 and 2015 for non-manual workers, and the absolute value of annual percent change was higher in non-manual workers than in manual workers. As a result, a difference in age-standardized mortality rates for cancer in all sites between the two types of occupational classes decreased throughout the years. CONCLUSION: A further study investigating differences in physical or behavioral characteristics of female non-manual and manual workers is needed in order to understand the key factors for the higher cancer mortality rate in non-manual workers.

Women's health behaviour change after receiving breast cancer risk estimates with tailored screening and prevention recommendations.

BACKGROUND: The Predicting Risk of Cancer at Screening (PROCAS) study provided women who were eligible for breast cancer screening in Greater Manchester (United Kingdom) with their 10-year risk of breast cancer, i.e., low (≤1.5%), average (1.5-4.99%), moderate (5.-7.99%) or high (≥8%). The aim of this study is to explore which factors were associated with women's uptake of screening and prevention recommendations. Additionally, we evaluated women's organisational preferences regarding tailored screening. METHODS: A total of 325 women with a self-reported low (n = 60), average (n = 125), moderate (n = 80), or high (n = 60) risk completed a two-part web-based survey. The first part contained questions about personal characteristics. For the second part women were asked about uptake of early detection and preventive behaviours after breast cancer risk communication. Additional questions were posed to explore preferences regarding the organisation of risk-stratified screening and prevention. We performed exploratory univariable and multivariable regression analyses to assess which factors were associated with uptake of primary and secondary breast cancer preventive behaviours, stratified by breast cancer risk. Organisational preferences are presented using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Self-reported breast cancer risk predicted uptake of (a) supplemental screening and breast self-examination, (b) risk-reducing medication and (c) preventive lifestyle behaviours. Further predictors were (a) having a first degree relative with breast cancer, (b) higher age, and (c) higher body mass index (BMI). Women's organisational preferences for tailored screening emphasised a desire for more intensive screening for women at increased risk by further shortening the screening interval and moving the starting age forward. CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer risk communication predicts the uptake of key tailored primary and secondary preventive behaviours. Effective communication of breast cancer risk information is essential to optimise the population-wide impact of tailored screening.

Cervix Uteri Cancer in Lebanon: Incidence, Temporal Trends, and Comparison to Countries From Different Regions in the World.

BACKGROUND: Invasive cervix uteri cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women globally. This study investigates the incidence and trends of cervix uteri cancer in Lebanon, a country in the Middle East, and compares these rates to regional and global ones. METHODS: Data on cervix uteri were obtained from the Lebanese national cancer registry for the currently available years 2005 to 2016. The calculated age-standardized incidence and age-specific rates were expressed as per 100,000 population. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2016, cervix uteri cancer was the tenth most common cancer among women. Its age-standardized incidence rate fluctuated narrowly between 3.5 and 5.7 per 100,000, with the lowest rate in 2013 and the highest rate in 2012. The age-specific incidence rate had 2 peaks, the highest peak at age group 70-74 years and the second at age group 50-59 years. The annual percent change (+.05%) showed a non-statistically significant trend of increase. The age-standardized incidence rate of cervix uteri cancer in Lebanon was comparable to that of the Western Asia region that has the lowest incidence rate worldwide. The rate was intermediate as compared to other countries in the Middle East and North Africa Region and relatively similar to the ones in Australia, North America, and some Western European countries. CONCLUSION: The incidence rates of invasive cervix uteri are low in Lebanon. This could be attributed to the low prevalence of human papilloma virus infection and other sexually transmitted infections among Lebanese women, and the opportunistic screening practices. It is important to adopt a comprehensive approach to decrease the potential burden of cervix uteri, especially with the rising patterns of risky sexual behaviors. This includes improving awareness, enhancing access to preventive services, developing clinical guidelines, and training health care providers on these guidelines.

Association of Hormonal Contraceptive Use With Adverse Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Randomized Clinical Trials and Cohort Studies.

Importance: Meta-analyses have reported conflicting data on the safety of hormonal contraception, but the quality of evidence for the associations between hormonal contraceptive use and adverse health outcomes has not been quantified in aggregate. Objective: To grade the evidence from meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and cohort studies that assessed the associations between hormonal contraceptive use and adverse health outcomes among women. Data Sources: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched from database inception to August 2020. Search terms included hormonal contraception, contraceptive agents, progesterone, desogestrel, norethindrone, megestrol, algestone, norprogesterones, and levonorgestrel combined with terms such as systematic review or meta-analysis. Evidence Review: The methodological quality of each meta-analysis was graded using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews, version 2, which rated quality as critically low, low, moderate, or high. The Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluations approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence in meta-analyses of RCTs, with evidence graded as very low, low, moderate, or high. Evidence of associations from meta-analyses of cohort studies was ranked according to established criteria as nonsignificant, weak, suggestive, highly suggestive, or convincing. Results: A total of 2996 records were screened; of those, 310 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 58 articles (13 meta-analyses of RCTs and 45 meta-analyses of cohort studies) were selected for evidence synthesis. Sixty associations were described in meta-analyses of RCTs, and 96 associations were described in meta-analyses of cohort studies. Among meta-analyses of RCTs, 14 of the 60 associations were nominally statistically significant (P ≤ .05); no associations between hormonal contraceptive use and adverse outcomes were supported by high-quality evidence. The association between the use of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and reductions in endometrial polyps associated with tamoxifen use (odds ratio [OR], 0.22; 95% CI, 0.13-0.38) was graded as having high-quality evidence, and this evidence ranking was retained in the subgroup analysis. Among meta-analyses of cohort studies, 40 of the 96 associations were nominally statistically significant; however, no associations between hormonal contraceptive use and adverse outcomes were supported by convincing evidence in the primary and subgroup analyses. The risk of venous thromboembolism among those using vs not using oral contraception (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.76-3.32) was initially supported by highly suggestive evidence, but this evidence was downgraded to weak in the sensitivity analysis. Conclusions And Relevance: The results of this umbrella review supported preexisting understandings of the risks and benefits associated with hormonal contraceptive use. Overall, the associations between hormonal contraceptive use and cardiovascular risk, cancer risk, and other major adverse health outcomes were not supported by high-quality evidence.

Acesso e acessibilidade ao rastreamento de câncer em mulheres brasileiras com lesão medular / Acceso y accesibilidad al rastreo de cáncer en mujeres brasileñas con lesión medular / Access and accessibility to cancer screening for Brazilian women with spinal cord injury

Resumo Objetivo identificar e analisar a acessibilidade e o acesso de mulheres brasileiras com lesão medular para a realização de exames preventivos do câncer de mama e colo de útero. Método estudo quantitativo e transversal desenvolvido em plataforma virtual. Realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas e de associação entre as variáveis qualitativas por meio do teste exato de Fisher. Quando identificada a associação (p<0,05), foi realizada a regressão logística. Resultados participaram 120 mulheres brasileiras com lesão medular com idades entre 25 e 67 anos; 85,83% foram ao ginecologista após a lesão medular, 79,17% realizaram a citologia e 52,50%, a mamografia. Observou-se que as mulheres que utilizavam a saúde suplementar apresentaram maior probabilidade de terem ido ao ginecologista do que as usuárias do serviço público. Aquelas com companheiro e as de maior idade apresentaram maior probabilidade de terem realizado o exame de citologia. Para a mamografia, aquelas de maior idade e que utilizavam a saúde suplementar apresentaram maiores chances de terem realizado o exame de mamografia após a lesão medular. Conclusão mulheres com lesão medular buscam a realização de exames de rastreamento. Entretanto, encontram dificuldades relacionadas à estrutura física, aos equipamentos, transporte, profissionais da saúde, assim como dificuldades sociodemográficas e quanto ao serviço de saúde utilizado.

Resumen Objetivo este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y analizar la accesibilidad y el acceso de mujeres brasileñas con lesión medular para la realización de exámenes preventivos de cáncer de mama y de cuello uterino. Método se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo y transversal, realizado en un entorno virtual. Los análisis estadísticos descriptivos y la asociación entre variables cualitativas se realizaron mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher, cuando se identificó una asociación se realizó una regresión logística. Resultados participaron 120 mujeres brasileñas con lesión medular, la edad de las participantes varió de 25 a 67 años. Con relación al rastreo, el 85,83% de las mujeres acudió al ginecólogo tras la LM, el 79,17% se sometió a citología y el 52,50% a mamografía. Se observó que las mujeres que utilizaban un seguro médico privado tenían más probabilidades de haber visto a un ginecólogo que las usuarias del servicio público. Las que tenían pareja y mayores tenían más probabilidades de someterse a citología oncótica. Para la mamografía, las que eran mayores y que usaban un seguro médico privado tenían más probabilidades de someterse al examen después de la LM. Conclusión las mujeres con LM buscan pruebas de detección. Sin embargo, enfrentan dificultades relacionadas con la estructura física, equipamientos, transporte, profesionales de la salud, así como dificultades sociodemográficas relacionadas con el tipo de servicio de salud utilizado.

Abstract Objective to identify and analyze the accessibility and accessibility of Brazilian women with spinal cord injury to preventive examinations for breast and cervical cancer. Method quantitative and cross-sectional study developed in a virtual platform. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, as well as association analysis between qualitative variables using Fisher's exact test. When identified the association (p<0.05), logistic regression was performed. Results a total of 120 Brazilian women with spinal cord injury, aged between 25 and 67 years participated in the study; 85.83% visited a gynecologist after the spinal cord injury, 79.17% underwent cytology and 52.50% underwent mammography. It was observed that women who used the supplementary health plan were more likely to have visited a gynecologist than those who used the public service. Those who had a partner and were older were more likely to have undergone the cytology exam. For mammography, those who were older and who used supplementary health care were more likely to have had mammography exams after the spinal cord injury. Conclusion women with spinal cord injury seek screening tests. However, they encounter difficulties related to the physical structure, equipment, transportation, health professionals, as well as socio-demographic difficulties and difficulties regarding the health service used.

Semelhanças e diferenças intergeracionais entre mães e filhas trabalhadoras rurais: características sociodemográficas e reprodutivas / Similitudes y diferencias intergeneracionales entre madres e hijas obreras rurales: características socio demográficas y reproductivas / Intergenerational similarities and differences between rural working mothers and daughters: socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics

RESUMO Objetivo analisar as semelhanças e diferenças intergeracionais envolvendo características sociodemográficas e reprodutivas entre mães e filhas trabalhadoras rurais. Método estudo analítico e quantitativo desenvolvido em fevereiro de 2018 com 21 díades, mães e filhas trabalhadoras rurais, em idade reprodutiva cadastradas no Programa Chapéu de Palha Mulher − Pernambuco. Utilizou-se o questionário da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde para verificar as características sociodemográficas e reprodutivas. Resultados Mães e filhas não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas para estado conjugal (p = 1,00), grau de instrução (p = 0,053), cor/raça (p = 1,00), religião (p = 1,00), idade que começou a trabalhar (p = 0,433) e horas de trabalho por semana (p = 1,00), participação em grupo de planejamento familiar (p = 0,344), uso de método contraceptivo (p = 0,065), aborto espontâneo (p = 1,00) e parto cesáreo (p = 0,459). Conclusão e implicações para a prática Os resultados sugerem que ocorreu o processo de modelação em diversos aspectos, ou seja, a mãe serviu de figura de referência para as suas filhas na tomada de atitudes e comportamentos, o que necessita maior entendimento sobre relação intergeracional, inclusive entre profissionais de saúde para melhor qualificação na assistência, a exemplo, no cuidado reprodutivo.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar las similitudes y diferencias intergeneracionales que involucran características sociodemográficas y reproductivas entre madres e hijas trabajadoras rurales. Método estudio analítico y cuantitativo desarrollado en febrero de 2018 con 21 díadas, en edad reproductiva, registradas en el Programa Chapéu de Palha Mulher - Pernambuco. Se utilizó el cuestionario de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud para verificar las características sociodemográficas y reproductivas. Resultados Madres e hijas no presentaron diferencias estadísticas para estado civil (p = 1,00), nivel educativo (p = 0,053), color/raza (p = 1,00), religión (p = 1,00), edad a la que trabaja (p = 0,433) y horas de trabajo a la semana (p = 1,00), participación en un grupo de planificación familiar (p = 0,344), uso de métodos anticonceptivos (p = 0,065), aborto espontáneo (p = 1,00) y parto por cesárea (p = 0,459). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica Los resultados sugieren que el proceso de modelado se dio en varios aspectos, o sea, la madre sirvió como figura de referencia para sus hijas en la toma de actitudes y comportamientos, lo que exige una mayor comprensión de la relación intergeneracional, incluso entre los profesionales de la salud para una mejor calificación en asistencia, por ejemplo, en el cuidado reproductivo.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze similarities and differences involving socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics between rural working mothers and daughters. Method An analytical and quantitative study was developed in February 2018 with 21 dyads, rural working mothers and daughters, of reproductive age registered in the Chapéu de Palha Mulher Program in Pernambuco State, Brazil. The National Health Survey questionnaire was adopted to verify socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics. Results Mothers and daughters did not show statistical differences for marital status (p = 1.00), education level (p = 0.053), skin color/race (p = 1.00), religion (p = 1.00), age when started working (p = 0.433) and working hours per week (p = 1.00), participation in a family planning group (p = 0.344), use of contraceptive methods (p = 0.065), miscarriage (p = 1.00), and cesarean childbirth (p = 0.459). Conclusion and implications for practice The results suggest that the modeling process took place in numerous aspects, meaning these mothers fulfilled a reference role for their daughters in decision-making and behaviors. It requires a greater understanding of intergenerational relationships, especially amongst health professionals, for them to provide a better qualification in assistance, such as in reproductive care.

Sintomas de depressão pós-parto e sua associação com as características socieconômicas e de apoio social / Síntomas de la depresión posparto y su asociación con características socioeconómicas y de apoyo social / Postpartum depression symptoms and association with socieconomic and social support characteristics

Resumo Objetivo verificar a prevalência de sintomas de depressão pós-parto em puérperas atendidas em uma maternidade pública e sua associação com características socioeconômicas e de apoio social. Método estudo epidemiológico, analítico, do tipo transversal, em uma maternidade pública conduzido de agosto a outubro de 2017. A amostra de 330 puérperas foi entrevistada por meio da aplicação de um formulário, para mensuração da presença de sintomas de depressão pós-parto. Foi utilizada a escala de depressão pós-natal de Edimburgo. Já para mensuração do apoio social, foi utilizado o instrumento Medical Outcomes Study. A medida de associação adotada foi a razão de prevalência (RP) com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), e aplicada a regressão de Poisson ajustada. Resultados a prevalência de sintomas de DPP foi de 29,7%. A idade entre 14 e 24 anos (PR:1,60; 95%CI: 1,10-2,34), ter até 8 anos de escolaridade (RP:1,39; IC95%:1,01-2,14) e o baixo nível de suporte social afetivo (RP:1,52; IC95%:1,07-2,14) e emocional (RP:2,12; IC95%:1,41-3,19) estiveram associados à maior prevalência de sintomas de DPP. Conclusão e implicações para a prática nesse contexto, os profissionais de saúde podem possuir um papel essencial no qual podem desenvolver, em conjunto, um plano de cuidados de acordo com as necessidades da mulher em período gravídico-puerperal.

Resumen Objetivo verificar la prevalencia de síntomas de depresión posparto en mujeres posparto atendidas en una maternidad pública y su asociación con características socioeconómicas y de apoyo social. Método estudio analítico transversal en una maternidad pública realizada entre agosto y octubre de 2017. La muestra de 330 puérperas fue entrevistada mediante la aplicación de un formulario, para medir la presencia de síntomas de depresión postparto. Se utilizó la Escala de Depresión Postnatal de Edimburgo. Para medir el apoyo social se utilizó el instrumento Medical Outcomes Study. La medida de asociación adoptada fue la razón de prevalencia (RP) con intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC del 95%) y se aplicó la regresión de Poisson ajustada. Resultados la prevalencia de síntomas de DPP fue de 29,7%. Edad entre 14 y 24 años (PR:1,60; 95%CI: 1,10-2,34), tener hasta 8 años de escolaridad (RP: 1,39; IC 95%: 1,01 - 2,14) y el bajo nivel de apoyo social afectivo (RP: 1,52; IC del 95%: 1,07 - 2,14) y emocional (RP: 2,12; IC del 95%: 1,41-3,19) se asociaron con una mayor prevalencia de síntomas de PPD. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica en este contexto, los profesionales de la salud pueden jugar un papel fundamental en el que puedan desarrollar conjuntamente un plan de cuidados acorde a las necesidades de la mujer en el período gestacional-puerperal.

Abstract Objective to verify the prevalence of postpartum depression symptoms in postpartum women assisted at a public maternity hospital and its association with socioeconomic and social support characteristics. Method this is an epidemiological, analytical, cross-sectional study in a public maternity hospital conducted from August to October 2017. A sample of 330 postpartum women was interviewed using a form to measure the presence postpartum depression symptoms. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used. To measure social support, the Medical Outcomes Study instrument was used. The measure of association adopted was the prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), and adjusted Poisson regression was applied. Results the prevalence of PPD symptoms was 29.7%. Age between 14 and 24 years (PR:1.60; 95%CI: 1.10-2.34), have up to 8 years of education (PR:1.39; 95%CI: 1.01-2.14) and the low level of affective (PR:1.52; 95%CI: 1.07-2.14) and emotional (PR:2.12; 95%CI: 1.41-3.19) social support were associated with higher prevalence of PPD symptoms. Conclusion and implications for practice in this context, health professionals can play an essential role in which they can jointly develop a care plan according to the needs of women in the pregnancy-puerperal period.

Fatores de risco cardiovascular, saberes e práticas de cuidado de mulheres: possibilidade para rever hábitos / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular, conocimientos y prácticas de cuidado de las mujeres: posibilidad de revisar hábitos / Cardiovascular risk factors, knowledge and care practices of women: possibility to review habits

Resumo Objetivo investigar fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e compreender as práticas de cuidado de mulheres. Método paralelo convergente misto. A etapa quantitativa foi transversal descritiva com formulário abordando características demográficas, socioeconômicas, fatores de risco cardiovascular, hábitos de vida e saúde, participaram 289 mulheres e aplicou-se estatística descritiva. A etapa qualitativa foi fundamentada na pesquisa participativa, exploratória descritiva, mediante entrevista semiestruturada, técnica de criatividade e sensibilidade e narrativas, com 30 mulheres. Resultados identificaram-se fatores como sedentarismo (60,9%), uso do anticoncepcional (57,9%), estresse (60,6%), depressão (40,1%), obesidade (38,8%), hipertensão arterial (33,6%), consumo de bebida alcoólica (29,8%), cigarro (16,6%), dislipidemia (25,6%) e diabetes (10,0%). Quanto aos saberes e práticas de cuidado, as participantes mencionaram os fatores, porém algumas relataram realizar os cuidados, e outras não, mesmo reconhecendo os riscos. Assim, compartilharam a falta de tempo para realizar exercícios físicos, dificuldades para cuidar da alimentação e aderir ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e, ainda, relataram sentirem-se estressadas. Conclusão e implicações para a prática identificaram-se fatores modificáveis e as mulheres possuíam conhecimento acerca destes, entretanto divergiam sobre os cuidados, demonstrando a importância de ações voltadas a essa população.

Resumen Objetivo investigar los factores de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares y comprender las prácticas de atención brindadas a las mujeres. Método paralelo convergente mixto. La etapa cuantitativa fue transversal transcriptiva con formulario abordando características demográficas, socioeconómicas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, hábitos de vida y salud. Participaron 289 mujeres y se aplicó estadística descriptiva. La etapa cualitativa fue fundamentada en la investigación participativa, exploratoria descriptiva, mediante entrevista semiestructurada, técnica de creatividad y sensibilidad y narrativas, con 30 mujeres. Resultados se identificaron factores como sedentarismo (60,9%), uso de anticonceptivos (57,9%), estrés (60,6%), depresión (40,1%), obesidad (38,8%), hipertensión arterial (33,6%), consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (29,8%), tabaquismo (16,6%), dislipidemia (25,6%) y diabetes (10,0%). En cuanto a los conocimientos y prácticas de cuidado, las participantes mencionaron los factores, sin embargo, algunas reportaron realizar el cuidado y otras no, inclusive reconociendo los riesgos. Así, compartieron la falta de tiempo para la realización de actividades físicas, dificultades para cuidar su alimentación y la adherencia al tratamiento antihipertensivo e, inclusive, refirieron sentirse estresadas. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica se identificaron factores modificables y las mujeres tenían conocimiento sobre ellos, sin embargo, divergieron sobre el cuidado, demostrando la importancia de las acciones dirigidas a esta población.

Abstract Objective to investigate risk factors for cardiovascular disease and understand the care practices of women. Method mixed convergent parallel. The quantitative stage was descriptive transversal with a form addressing demographic characteristics, socioeconomic, cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle and health habits; 289 women participated and descriptive statistics were applied. The qualitative step was based on participatory research, exploratory descriptive, through semi-structured interviews, creativity and sensitivity technique and narratives, with 30 women. Results factors were identified as sedentarism (60.9%), use of contraceptives (57.9%), stress (60.6%), depression (40.1%), obesity (38.8%), high blood pressure (33.6%), alcohol consumption (29.8%), smoking (16.6%), dyslipidemia (25.6%), and diabetes (10.0%). As for knowledge and care practices, the participants mentioned the factors, but some reported performing the care, and others did not, even though they recognized the risks. Thus, they shared the lack of time to perform physical exercises, difficulties to take care of the diet and adhere to antihypertensive treatment, and also reported feeling stressed. Conclusion and implications for practice modifiable factors were identified and women had knowledge about these, however, they differed on the care, demonstrating the importance of actions aimed at this population.

Autoavaliação ruim do estado de saúde: prevalência e fatores associados em mulheres privadas de liberdade / Autoevaluación negativa de la salud: prevalencia y factores asociados en mujeres privadas de libertad / Poor self-rated health: prevalence and associated factors on women deprived of liberty

Resumo Objetivo Verificar a prevalência da autoavaliação ruim do estado de saúde em mulheres encarceradas e analisar os fatores associados. Método Trata-se de estudo transversal, realizado entre os anos de 2019 e 2020, por meio de censo, com participação de 99 mulheres. A análise dos fatores associados ao desfecho foi conduzida a partir de um modelo teórico de determinação com três blocos hierarquizados de variáveis. As variáveis foram ajustadas entre si dentro de cada bloco. Aquelas com nível de significância ≤ 0,20 foram incluídas no modelo de regressão de Poisson e ajustadas ao nível superior ao seu, considerando o nível de 5% de significância. Resultados A prevalência da autoavaliação ruim da saúde foi de 31,3% (IC95% = 22,8%-40,9%). Morbidade referida, presença de sintomas de ansiedade e a pior perspectiva em relação às condições de saúde pós-encarceramento foram as variáveis associadas com o desfecho. Considerações finais e implicações para a prática Os fatores associados à ocorrência do evento investigado poderão direcionar medidas que visem à redução dos impactos à saúde durante o período de encarceramento.

Resumen Objetivo Verificar la prevalencia de autoevaluación negativa de la salud en mujeres encarceladas y analizar los factores asociados. Método Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado entre los años 2019 y 2020, mediante censo, con la participación de 99 mujeres encarceladas. El análisis de factores asociados al resultado se realizó con base en un modelo teórico de determinación con tres bloques jerárquicos de variables. Las variables se ajustaron entre sí dentro de cada bloque. Aquellos con nivel de significancia ≤ 0,20 se incluyeron en el modelo de regresión de Poisson y se ajustaron a un nivel superior al de ellos, considerando un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados La prevalencia de autoevaluación negativa de la salud fue 31,3% (IC 95% = 22,8% -40,9%). La morbilidad autoinformada, la presencia de síntomas de ansiedad y la peor perspectiva con respecto a las condiciones de salud después del encarcelamiento fueron las variables asociadas con el resultado. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica Los factores asociados a la ocurrencia del evento investigado pueden conducir a medidas destinadas a reducir los impactos en la salud durante el período de encarcelamiento.

Abstract Objective To verify the prevalence of poor self-rated health status among incarcerated women and to analyze the associated factors. Method This is a cross-sectional study, carried out between 2019 and 2020, by means of a census, with the participation 99 women incarcerated. The analysis of factors associated with the outcome was conducted based on a theoretical model of determination with three hierarchical blocks of variables. Variables were adjusted to each other within each block. Those with significance level ≤ 0.20 were included in the Poisson regression model and adjusted to a level higher than theirs, considering a 5% level of significance. Results The prevalence of poor self-rated health was 31.3% (IC95% = 22.8% - 40.9%). Reported morbidity, presence of anxiety symptoms and the worst perspective regarding post-incarceration health conditions were the variables associated with the outcome. Conclusion and implications for practice The factors associated to the occurrence of the investigated event may direct measures aimed to reduce health impacts during the incarceration period.

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Incident Heart Failure in the Women's Health Initiative.

Importance: Some prior evidence suggests that adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) may be associated with heart failure (HF). Identifying unique factors associated with the risk of HF and studying HF subtypes are important next steps. Objective: To investigate the association of APOs with incident HF overall and stratified by HF subtype (preserved vs reduced ejection fraction) among postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). Design, Setting, and Participants: In 2017, an APO history survey was administered in the WHI study, a large multiethnic cohort of postmenopausal women. The associations of 5 APOs (gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy [HDP], low birth weight, high birth weight, and preterm delivery) with incident adjudicated HF were analyzed. In this cohort study, the association of each APO with HF was assessed using logistic regression models and with HF subtypes using multinomial regression, adjusting for age, sociodemographic characteristics, smoking, randomization status, reproductive history, and other APOs. Data analysis was performed from January 2020 to September 2021. Exposures: APOs (gestational diabetes, HDP, low birth weight, high birth weight, and preterm delivery). Main Outcomes and Measures: All confirmed cases of women hospitalized with HF and HF subtype were adjudicated by trained physicians using standardized methods. Results: Of 10 292 women (median [IQR] age, 60 [55-64] years), 3185 (31.0%) reported 1 or more APO and 336 (3.3%) had a diagnosis of HF. Women with a history of any APO had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, or smoking. Of the APOs studied, only HDP was significantly associated with HF with a fully adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.75 (95% CI, 1.22-2.50), and with HF with preserved ejection fraction in fully adjusted models (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.29-3.27). In mediation analyses, hypertension explained 24% (95% CI, 12%-73%), coronary heart disease 23% (95% CI, 11%-68%), and body mass index 20% (95% CI, 10%-64%) of the association between HDP and HF. Conclusions and Relevance: In this large cohort of postmenopausal women, HDP was independently associated with incident HF, particularly HF with preserved ejection fraction, and this association was mediated by subsequent hypertension, coronary heart disease, and obesity. These findings suggest that monitoring and modifying these factors early in women presenting with HDP may be associated with reduced long-term risk of HF.

Neighborhood disadvantage and individual-level life stressors in relation to breast cancer incidence in US Black women.

BACKGROUND: Research on psychosocial stress and risk of breast cancer has produced conflicting results. Few studies have assessed this relation by breast cancer subtype or specifically among Black women, who experience unique chronic stressors. METHODS: We used prospective data from the Black Women's Health Study, an ongoing cohort study of 59,000 US Black women, to assess neighborhood- and individual-level psychosocial factors in relation to risk of breast cancer. We used factor analysis to derive two neighborhood score variables after linking participant addresses to US Census data (2000 and 2010) on education, employment, income and poverty, female-headed households, and Black race for all households in each residential block group. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for established breast cancer risk factors. RESULTS: During follow-up from 1995 to 2017, there were 2167 incident invasive breast cancer cases (1259 estrogen receptor positive (ER +); 687 ER negative (ER-)). For ER- breast cancer, HRs were 1.26 (95% CI 1.00-1.58) for women living in the highest quartile of neighborhood disadvantage relative to women in the lowest quartile, and 1.24 (95% CI 0.98-1.57) for lowest versus highest quartile of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES). For ER+ breast cancer, living in the lowest quartile of neighborhood SES was associated with a reduced risk of ER+ breast cancer (HR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.70-0.98). With respect to individual-level factors, childhood sexual abuse (sexual assault ≥ 4 times vs. no abuse: HR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.01-1.79) and marital status (married/living together vs. single: HR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.08-1.53) were associated with higher risk of ER+, but not ER- breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Neighborhood disadvantage and lower neighborhood SES were associated with an approximately 25% increased risk of ER- breast cancer in this large cohort of Black women, even after control for multiple behaviors and lifestyle factors. Further research is need to understand the underlying reasons for these associations. Possible contributing factors are biologic responses to the chronic stress/distress experienced by individuals who reside in neighborhoods characterized by high levels of noise, crime and unemployment or the direct effects of environmental toxins.

Protective Factors against Depressive Symptoms in Female American Indian Cancer Survivors: The Role of Physical and Spiritual Well-being and Social Support.

BACKGROUND: This exploratory study examined how perceived physical well-being, spiritual well-being and social support relate to depressive symptoms among American Indian (AI) female cancer survivors. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from 73 AI female cancer survivors between 32 to 77 years of age in the Midwest of the United States. Standardized measures were used to assess for depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depressive Symptoms Scale Short Form), spiritual well-being (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy, Spiritual Well-being Scale), and social support (Medical Outcomes Study of Social Support Questionnaire). A single item measured physical well-being. After univariate and bivariate analyses, hierarchical multiple regression (HMR) was used for modeling. RESULTS: Approximately 47% of the sample scored higher than 10 on the depressive symptoms scale. HMR results indicated that perceived physical well-being, spiritual well-being, and social support were negatively associated with depressive symptoms, accounting for 47% of the variance in the final model (adjust R2 = 0.47). CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of the sample exceeded the cut point for probable depression, highlighting the importance of addressing mental health in the aftermath of cancer treatments for AI women. Results suggest that perceived physical well-being, spiritual well-being, and social support serve as protective factors and possible levers to reduce depression in this population. Interventions designed to bolster existing social support and spirituality could improve the mental health of AI women in the aftermath of cancer treatment. Community-based, culturally appropriate health education programs should be developed to enhance AI women's physical health. 
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Menopausal hormone therapy and women's health: An umbrella review.

BACKGROUND: There remains uncertainty about the impact of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on women's health. A systematic, comprehensive assessment of the effects on multiple outcomes is lacking. We conducted an umbrella review to comprehensively summarize evidence on the benefits and harms of MHT across diverse health outcomes. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and 10 other databases from inception to November 26, 2017, updated on December 17, 2020, to identify systematic reviews or meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies investigating effects of MHT, including estrogen-alone therapy (ET) and estrogen plus progestin therapy (EPT), in perimenopausal or postmenopausal women in all countries and settings. All health outcomes in previous systematic reviews were included, including menopausal symptoms, surrogate endpoints, biomarkers, various morbidity outcomes, and mortality. Two investigators independently extracted data and assessed methodological quality of systematic reviews using the updated 16-item AMSTAR 2 instrument. Random-effects robust variance estimation was used to combine effect estimates, and 95% prediction intervals (PIs) were calculated whenever possible. We used the term MHT to encompass ET and EPT, and results are presented for MHT for each outcome, unless otherwise indicated. Sixty systematic reviews were included, involving 102 meta-analyses of RCTs and 38 of observational studies, with 102 unique outcomes. The overall quality of included systematic reviews was moderate to poor. In meta-analyses of RCTs, MHT was beneficial for vasomotor symptoms (frequency: 9 trials, 1,104 women, risk ratio [RR] 0.43, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.57, p < 0.001; severity: 7 trials, 503 women, RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.50, p = 0.002) and all fracture (30 trials, 43,188 women, RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.84, p = 0.002, 95% PI 0.58 to 0.87), as well as vaginal atrophy (intravaginal ET), sexual function, vertebral and nonvertebral fracture, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular mortality (ET), and colorectal cancer (EPT), but harmful for stroke (17 trials, 37,272 women, RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.29, p = 0.027) and venous thromboembolism (23 trials, 42,292 women, RR 1.60, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.58, p = 0.052, 95% PI 1.03 to 2.99), as well as cardiovascular disease incidence and recurrence, cerebrovascular disease, nonfatal stroke, deep vein thrombosis, gallbladder disease requiring surgery, and lung cancer mortality (EPT). In meta-analyses of observational studies, MHT was associated with decreased risks of cataract, glioma, and esophageal, gastric, and colorectal cancer, but increased risks of pulmonary embolism, cholelithiasis, asthma, meningioma, and thyroid, breast, and ovarian cancer. ET and EPT had opposite effects for endometrial cancer, endometrial hyperplasia, and Alzheimer disease. The major limitations include the inability to address the varying effects of MHT by type, dose, formulation, duration of use, route of administration, and age of initiation and to take into account the quality of individual studies included in the systematic reviews. The study protocol is publicly available on PROSPERO (CRD42017083412). CONCLUSIONS: MHT has a complex balance of benefits and harms on multiple health outcomes. Some effects differ qualitatively between ET and EPT. The quality of available evidence is only moderate to poor.

Dietary Patterns of Insulinemia, Inflammation and Glycemia, and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: Findings from the Women's Health Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer risk is increasing in countries with high consumption of Western dietary patterns and rising obesity rates. We examined the hypothesis that specific dietary patterns reflecting hyperinsulinemia (empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia; EDIH), systemic inflammation (empirical dietary inflammatory pattern; EDIP), and postprandial glycemia [glycemic index (GI); glycemic load (GL)] are associated with pancreatic cancer risk, including the potential modifying role of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and body mass index (BMI). METHODS: We calculated dietary scores from baseline (1993-1998) food frequency questionnaires among 129,241 women, 50-79 years-old in the Women's Health Initiative. We used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression to estimate HRs and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for pancreatic cancer risk. RESULTS: During a median 19.9 years of follow-up, 850 pancreatic cancer cases were diagnosed. We observed no association between dietary scores and pancreatic cancer risk overall. However, risk was elevated among participants with longstanding T2D (present >3 years before pancreatic cancer diagnosis) for EDIH. For each 1 SD increment in dietary score, the HRs (95% CIs) were: EDIH, 1.33 (1.06-1.66); EDIP, 1.26 (0.98-1.63); GI, 1.26 (0.96-1.67); and GL, 1.23 (0.96-1.57); although interactions were not significant (all P interaction >0.05). Separately, we observed inverse associations between GI [0.86 (0.76-0.96), P interaction = 0.0068] and GL [0.83 (0.73-0.93), P interaction = 0.0075], with pancreatic cancer risk among normal-weight women. CONCLUSIONS: We observed no overall association between the dietary patterns evaluated and pancreatic cancer risk, although women with T2D appeared to have greater cancer risk. IMPACT: The elevated risk for hyperinsulinemic diets among women with longstanding T2D and the inverse association among normal-weight women warrant further examination.

Living with a Smoker and Multiple Health-Risk Behaviors.

BACKGROUND: Behavioral medicine is showing growing theoretical and applied interest in multiple health-risk behaviors. Compared to engaging in a single health-risk behavior, multiple health-risk behaviors are linked to increased morbidity and mortality. A contextual determinant of multiple risk behaviors may be living with a smoker. PURPOSE: This study investigated the role of living with a smoker in predicting multiple health-risk behaviors compared to a single health-risk behavior, as well as whether these multiple risk behaviors occur across both physical activity and dietary domains. Moreover, the study tested these effects across 3 years in longitudinal and prospective (controlling for health-risk behaviors at baseline) analyses. METHODS: Participants were 82,644 women (age M = 63.5, standard deviation = 7.36, age range = 49-81) from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Analyses used multinomial and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Living with a smoker was more strongly associated with multiple health-risk behaviors than with a single health-risk behavior. These multiple risk behaviors occurred across both physical activity and dietary domains. The effects persisted across 3 years in longitudinal and prospective analyses. Living with a smoker, compared to not living with a smoker, increased the odds of multiple health-risk behaviors 82% cross-sectionally and, across 3 years, 94% longitudinally and 57% prospectively. CONCLUSIONS: These findings integrate research on multiple health-risk behaviors and on living with a smoker and underscore an unrecognized public health risk of tobacco smoking. These results are relevant to household-level interventions integrating smoking-prevention and obesity-prevention efforts.

Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Survival Among Women Diagnosed with Invasive Cancer of the Anal Canal: an Analysis of Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Data.

OBJECTIVE: To identify differences in survival among women diagnosed with cancer of the anal canal from varying racial and ethnic backgrounds. METHODS: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry between the years of 1975 and 2016 were analyzed, which included 19,048 women with cancer of the anal canal. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression (HRs) was performed to examine the relative risk of dying among women with anal cancer. Multivariable odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to examine odds of highly fatal disease (death within 12 months from diagnosis). RESULTS: Non-Hispanic Black women (n = 1694) had greater risk of dying when compared with non-Hispanic White women (n = 15,821) with anal cancer (HR = 1.26, CI: 1.17-1.35), independent of other prognostic indicators. Stratifying by age at diagnosis, risk of death was highest for non-Hispanic Black women diagnosed younger than age 50 years compared with non-Hispanic White women of similar age (HR = 1.60, CI: 1.34-1.89), and lowest for Hispanic women (n = 1533) older than 74 years at diagnosis (HR = 0.80, CI: 0.69-0.92). Stratifying by stage at diagnosis, disparities were not observed. When comparing across years of diagnoses, non-Hispanic Black women consistently had poorer survival compared with non-Hispanic White women diagnosed in the same year intervals. Finally, non-Hispanic Black women had greater odds of highly fatal disease (OR = 1.23, CI: 1.08-1.40) compared with non-Hispanic White women. CONCLUSION: Non-Hispanic Black women with anal cancer continue to experience poorer survival compared with non-Hispanic White women, whereas disparities were not identified for Hispanic women.

Chocolate Candy and Incident Invasive Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Initiative: An Observational Prospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory and animal studies suggest an inverse association between chocolate consumption and the risk of cancer. Epidemiological studies have yielded inconsistent evidence. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of chocolate candy consumption with incident, invasive total, breast, colorectal, and lung cancers in a large cohort of postmenopausal American women. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with a mean 14.8-year follow-up. Chocolate candy intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire. Invasive cancer events were assessed by physician adjudication. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: The Women's Health Initiative Study enrolled 161,808 postmenopausal women at 40 clinical centers nationwide between 1993 and 1998. Of these women, 114,281 with plausible food frequency or biometric data and no missing data on chocolate candy exposure were selected for analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cancer risk in quartiles of chocolate candy consumption with the first quartile as referent. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: There were 16,164 documented incident invasive cancers, representing an incidence rate of 17.0 per 100 participants and 12.3 per 1000 person years during follow-up among participants without any preexisting cancers or missing outcome data. There were no statistically significant associations for total invasive cancer (P-linear = .47, P-curvature = .14), or invasive breast cancer (P-linear = .77, P-curvature = .26). For colorectal cancer P-linear was .02, P-curvature was .03, and compared with women eating a 1 oz (28.4 g) chocolate candy serving <1 time per month, the hazard ratio for ≥1.5 times/wk was 1.18 (95% confidence interval: 1.04-1.35). This result may be attributable to the excess adiposity associated with frequent chocolate candy consumption. CONCLUSIONS: In the Women's Health Initiative, there was no significant association between chocolate candy consumption and invasive total or breast cancer. There was a modest 18% higher risk of invasive colorectal cancer for women who ate chocolate candy at least 1.5 times/wk. These results require confirmation.